Man Vs. Food Fast Food Can Contribute To Childhood Obesity

Man vs. Food: Fast Food Can Contribute to Childhood Obesity The United States of America has always been a safe and well-constructed country. Over the past years, it has tried to progress in numerous ways. However, America is suffering daily from obesity issues that can be prevented. America is becoming uncontrollable when it comes down to the consumption of too much fast food. When fast food was introduced to Americans, it had many advantages. These advantages have suddenly converted into disadvantages that affect the body. Obesity has been around for decades. It continues to threaten many Americans. The obesity rate is steadily increasing and Americans are not taking precautions in preventing this disease. Even though fast food is†¦show more content†¦Most people choose fast food restaurants because they are more convenient, less time consuming, and easily accessible. The fast food restaurants â€Å"make it ever more likely that one may conveniently pull the car into a burger joint and dig in† (Knopp 1.) The consumption of food eaten away from home has risen enormously. Many studies show that â€Å"eating out may lead to excess calorie intake and increase the risk of obesity because of large portion sizes and increased density of foods† (â€Å"Obesity and Fast Food,†2017). America’s obesity rate has increased significantly in most cities and neighborhoods because of local fast food restaurants and stores. Commonly, people who live closer to fast food restaurants consume more fast food than those living farther away. The fast food â€Å"association has been found between the density of neighborhood fast food restaurants, the number of residents per restaurant, state obesity rates, and the residents who reside in areas possessing a higher relative number of fast food outlets to full-service restaurants and a higher weight status† (Fuzhong 204). Fast food can fall into many categories of being classified as unhealthy. They are normally considered â€Å"high in calories, fats, saturated and trans saturated fats, sugars, simple carbohydrates, and high in sodium† (â€Å"Obesity and Fast Food,† 2017). According to Christina Knopp, the average person weight has risen to 157 pounds, this increase has been seen mainly in menShow MoreRelatedFuture Generation Program For Obese Children ( Fgpoc )2512 Words   |  11 PagesObesity Children Program Future Generation Program For Obese Children (FGPOC) John Samameâ€Æ' Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause of the growth in rural and suburb area. By using children in the investigation, it can help determine the root of the epidemic disease. In order to investigate further in children one needs to device a program. The main idea of this program is to reduce Obesity in further generation. Methods: The data set for this research consistedRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pagesthe Department Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ re/pn or call the CDE Press Sales Office at 1-800-995-4099. An illustrated Educational Resource Catalog describing publications, videos, and other instructional media available from the Department can be obtained without charge by writing to the CDE Press Sales Office, California Department of Education, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814-5901; faxing to 916-323-0823; or calling the CDE Press Sales Office at the telephone number Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagescase study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with and approval of the management of the organisation concerned. Case studies can never fully capture the richness and complexity of real-life management situations and we would also encourage readers and tutors to take every possible opportunity to explore the live strategic issues of organisations – both their own and others. TheRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManagement Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14 Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 †¢ Responding to Globalization 16 †¢ Managing WorkforceRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesthe following teaching and learning resources: Resources for students †¢ A dynamic eText of the book which you can search, bookmark, annotate and highlight as you please †¢ Self-assessment questions that identify your strengths before recommending a personalised study plan that points you to the resources which can help you achieve a better grade †¢ Key concept audio summaries that you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ RevisionRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesabout our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft

Piaget v. Vygotsky - 838 Words

Piaget vs. Vygotsky Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky have had a huge impact on learning and teaching methods. Although they have different views on how children learn, they both suggest helpful methods of teaching. Piaget and Vygotsky both focus on the idea of constructivism. Constructivist theories believe learning includes real-world situations, language, interaction, and collaboration with others. Piaget believed in cognitive constructivism and Vygotsky believed in social constructivism. They both had logical ideas with some similarities, but their theories also differed. First off, Piaget was a strong believer in cognitive constructivism and offered that children learn with schemes, accommodation, and assimilation. He also†¦show more content†¦He believed that a child must interact with the social environment on an interpersonal level. Once this has occurred, the child can internalize their experience and construct new ideas. For Vygotsky, culture and social context are critical in learning and he believed that’s when children learn the best. He came up with the ZPD, which stands for zone of proximal development. The ZPD is the distance between what a learner can do with help and what they can do without help. He thought that children learn best within this zone because it advances their learning and challenges them. Vygotsky believed that with the help of a teacher or mentor, students could understand concepts that they wouldn’t be able to know on their own. A classroom including Vygotsky’s social constructivism theory would include meaningful content and content that relates to the real-world. Teacher-student and student-student interaction are key in the classroom according to Vygotsky and will produce strategies such as questioning, summarizing, predicting, and clarifying. A similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is that they both provided views on cognitive development using constructivism. They were both interested in fu rthering the learning of children using cognitive processes. Also, another similarity that they share is that they both believed that societal influences established cognitive growth in children. They agreed thatShow MoreRelatedVygotsky And Vygotsky : Early Childhood Development1683 Words   |  7 Pages Amanda Rezzonico Piaget vs Vygotsky Early Childhood Development Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are known in the educational world. Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 Pagesobservation, it tells us very little about the cognitive processes and the development of social schemata. The constructivist view of development was formed by Piaget in the 1920’s and 30’s. Jean Piaget’s stage theory suggests that there are four stages of development that every child will experience and progress through, regardless of culture. Piaget also developed the concept of schemata, and the theory that children gained knowledge through interaction between experiences and schematic concepts. Read MoreSocial Construction of Childhood Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"childhood is understood as a social construction and appears as a specific structural and cultural component of many societies†. There are many debates about the journey from the developmental psychology to sociology in childhood studies. 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In addition to this I will also weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of each theory and outlineRead MoreSociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge1650 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Sociocultural approaches emphasize the interdependence and individual processes in the construction of knowledge†.(John-Steiner,V and Mahn,H 1996).The real understanding of constructivism is only paying much attention on the learners’ previous experience and background knowledge .It maintains that individuals create or construct their own new understandings or knowledge through the interaction o f what they already believe and the ideas,events,and activities with which they come into contact.(FacultyRead More Major Challenges to Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development2134 Words   |  9 PagesIntelligence is not how we would class it today, he believed that intelligence covered all mental thought. He did believe however that the development of intelligence was an evolutionary matter not something that could be built on after birth, only used. Piaget believed that the child was responsible for its own development and therefore teaching could be seen as defunct. In Piagets development theory there is four stages the Stages of Development. These stages are a progressive format which childrenRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesDalton. Our interviews were conducted at a local Starbucks, always under the permission of his fifty-one-year-old father, Thomas. I observed Dalton through a social and physical lens and related the theories of Erik Erikson, Lev Vygotsky, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Jean Piaget to better understand his standpoint in development. According to the World Health Organization’s 2006 child growth standards report, on average, a seventeen-year-old male is normally around 142.0 pounds and 69.0 inches tall, orRead MoreTheories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky1464 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presentsRead MoreCo Constructive Environments Create Learning Opportunities For Children927 Words   |  4 Pagesrequired besides the educator providing a well-planned environment. Constructivism is a developmental theory developed by Piaget and social constructivism was developed by Vygotsky (MacNaughton Williams, 2009). The main difference between the two strategies is that Piaget reasoned that children learn in isolation during their interaction with the physical world and Vygotsky emphasised the social and cultural basis of children’s learning. Vygotsky’s social constructivist philosophy forms the basisRead MoreA Review of Bruner and Sherwoods Study of Peek-a-Boo1674 Words   |  7 Pagesweaknesses which evaluate the methodologies and different viewpoints regarding the game itself. Moreover, the review also focuses on the critical analysis of the different theories of child development put down by various researchers such as Piaget (1980), Vygotsky (1896) and Darwin (1809) with respect to the theory by Jerome Bruner (1977). The article by Bruner and Sherwood describes a proper study which observed six infants whose age varied from 7 to 17 months, for over a period of 10 months. The

Dissertation Planning

Question: Describe Dissertation Planning. Answer: Reflection on Workshop 1: DISSERTATION PLANNING Description Feelings Analysis and Evaluation Conclusion and Action Plan This workshop gave me the opportunity to plan my dissertation paper. It helped me to gather knowledge about research philosophy. I came to know that positivist approaches are related with quantitative research and the relativist approaches are related to qualitative research. My research should include both the approaches depending on my topic (Rudestam and Newton 2014). The research taught me about the two fundamental physical approaches- inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning, where inductive implies specific to broader generalizations and deductive implies general to specific areas. The research may include both the theories as required (Germano 2014). The next important element of the workshop was learning about the research aim that involved few steps: Identifying a single word or phrase to describe the main theme of my research Adding supplementary words for providing context for my aim Rephrasing few words as statements like the overall aim of this research, this is a study of and this research examines. The next important element of writing a dissertation paper is evaluating various sources to write a literature review. The author discovers, argues, claims and alleges in a literature review. The review should include relevant sources such as databases, journal articles, Google scholar and review articles. The workshop also helped me to develop my research methodology by choosing valid sources and realizing clear methods for implementation. The sources or methods must be identified as primary, secondary, quantitative and qualitative (Quick and Hall 2015). The workshop also taught me that working with a supervisor prove beneficial while writing a dissertation paper. Few strategies that can be taken into consideration are: Share my plans with my supervisors in the beginning Plan meetings and sketch out an agenda Write down the main questions before attending the meeting Be receptive to criticism and feedback Take notes and record the meeting if possible Action and Conclusion The workshop helped me to write my dissertation paper. I found that the area of research interests me as it belongs to my discipline. The report is original and has a different perspective. I can also manage the time and the word limit and write a review of literature from the given paper. The research statement is lucid and therefore, the reader would find no difficulty in reading. The statement is also consistent and specific and it sets a new parameter to the reader. I could follow the proper dissertation structure and write accordingly without any hassle (Greetham 2014). Reflection on Workshop 2: NOTE TAKING Description Feelings Analysis and Evaluation Conclusion and Action Plan The next workshop was about note taking. Firstly, I learnt that effective note taking could organize my thinking in written form, help me to pose questions, structure my thoughts and improve my learning by saving time. Note taking must involve active and framed listening. These can be achieved by intense hearing, paying attention and using the lecture to gain clarification or information on difficult areas (Peverly et al. 2013). I learnt about the steps that lead to effective note taking. They are: Be concise- using of specific information with bullet points rather than full sentences Keep it readable- handwriting should be clear with proper spacing within the materials to read it any time after a meeting. Be organized- paraphrasing should be done with relevant references. The structure should be easy to follow (Gillies 2014). I was taught what to do with my notes. I should complete the missing data, check definitions, elaborate on the key points, check the references and keep it safe for future use. In the end, we were taught about the Cornell Note Taking System. This system follows a proper structure to write notes during a seminar, meeting or a lecture. Since I am a student, this system of note taking will be useful to me (Boyle and Forchelli 2014). The steps that the system follows are: Record- a student takes notes in the right-hand column by using shorthand, symbols and bullet points during a lecture. Questions- at the end of the lecture, key points are pulled out from the right-hand side and written on the left-hand side to clarify meanings and summarize information. Recite- cover the column where the notes are written. Then, the questions and the answers should be said aloud in my words. Reflect- reflection should be posed of the material by asking questions to ourselves. The questions should reflect my capability to learn while taking notes. Review- the notes should be reviewed properly before the next seminar or lecture. This will help me to become familiar with the information and improve recall for revision. Action and Conclusion At the end of the seminar, I applied the Cornell Note Taking system for my lectures. It proved very effective as I could apply each step of the note taking system. Now I can take my lecture notes in the class and improve my skills of writing notes (Hagen, Braasch and Brten 2014). Reflection on Workshop 3: ACADEMIC WRITING OVERVIEW Description Feelings Analysis and Evaluation Conclusion and Action Plan Attending this workshop proved beneficial to me. Firstly, I looked at the styles or conventions that are followed in academic writing the language style and the writing structure. The writing made me understand that the sentences written should be effective and clear with the proper use of colons, semi-colons and conjunctions and full stops. Secondly, I came to know about the layout of academic writing. The layout should be properly structured with an introduction, a body and a conclusion. Moreover, the writing should be specific and concise and avoid using repetitive words (Adler and Van Doren 2014). I also learnt that the language styles that are used in the passages should be written according to the needs of the audience you are writing to. The most useful guideline that I have learnt from this workshop is that while writing reports, the formality level is very high as the audience evaluating the work share the same field of interest. He or she has knowledge of the subject because he or she has already done a research on that subject. Words such as fantastic, brilliant and beautiful that are used as an opinion should be avoided in academic writing. The word I should be avoided while writing a report. Using theories and facts in writing will authenticate the information that is included and prove the sources reliable (Bailey 2014). The next part that I have covered in the workshop is connectivity and flow. While writing a report, it should be kept in mind that the reader finds connectivity from one sentence to another or from one paragraph to another. Words like firstly and secondly can be used to link two paragraphs, whereas furthermore, moreover and however can be used to link two sentences together (Flowerdew 2014). The workshop ended with the introduction of the W.E.E.D. model. Here, W stands for What, E for Evidence, E for example and D for Do (Butler 2014). The model is used in writing paragraphs and enables us to improve our level of communication (from me to my reader). Action plans and conclusion The workshop helped me to improve and nurture my writing skills. It taught me the difference between writing a report and writing poetry. The tone and the style of writing are the main difference between them. The workshop taught me new methods that I can implement in my writing (Itua et al. 2014). My action plan can be categorized into four parts: Focus and Planning- providing answers to the questions with sufficient information and determine a strong understanding on the said subject. Properly structured writing- the W.E.E.D. model, has helped me a lot and now I can write paragraphs in a logical and ordered manner. Adopting proper styles and tone- this should be implemented while writing official letters where the tone and style should be formal. Selecting precise information from references or modifying them to reduce the word count in a correct manner without changing the meaning of the sentence (Ganobcsik-Williams 2014). Reflection on Workshop 4: SPEED READING Description Feelings Analysis and Evaluation Conclusion and Action Plan This workshop also proved useful to me. It provided me with the opportunity to improve my reading speed by looking at different techniques to speed up my reading speed. Using a pacer to improve my speed can triple my reading speed. This skill will prove handy while going through large reading volumes. However, increasing my reading speed will not prove effective while memorizing or understanding in depth and shallow information. Therefore, this skill will be productive to isolate phrases or information from large texts. This is not useful for me as I need to memorize texts for my field of study (Reynar et al. 2016). During the workshop, I had performed an experiment to experiment the use of pacer in reading. In this experiment, I determined the physical ability of my eyes to trace a circle formed in air, which was of the size of a dinner plate- first with someones finger and then without the finger. I noticed the difference between the two moves. When it was touched with someones finger, the eyes moved smoothly in the circle. However, without the finger, the movement of my eyes was not smooth. The experiment made it clear to me that my eyes move smoothly when I follow something. I have listed out few pacer techniques to improve my speed of writing (Balota 2016). They are: Using a pencil, pen or your finger as a pacer to move your eyes smoothly while reading long sentences Moving the pacer in a close Z or S shape movement Using a ruler in the horizontal direction and moving it downwards throughout the passage. This will prevent in skipping lines when reading passages Placing the pacer on side of each line to know your eyes position (Polmar 2013) I have also conducted few exercises to help me choose a pacer to improve my reading speed. The following exercises helps in setting goals to read faster as well as achieving them: Read for a minute. Add an extra area of the given test and mark the new finishing places. Read again and try to reach the desired goal. The pacer can be used. Repeat it again (minimum twice). Read for a minute and mark your finishing place. Read the same text but in 5o seconds. Repeat by reducing the time to 40 seconds, 30 seconds and 20 seconds. Then I focused on reading the phrases. Firstly, they showed us a text where the letters of the given word were jumbled up and the task assigned was to read the paragraph. This exercise was just to test if my brain could recognize the words and enable me to read the text. They also showed us a website where the passages could be broken down to the speed I set and showed only three words at a single time. The first exercise helped me to read 437 words per minute and the next exercise helped me to read to 741 words per minute. This will boost my confidence and help to improve (Martin-Chang, Ouellette and Madden 2014). Conclusion Speed-reading is a good tool. However, it is not so effective for comprehensive reading. The pacer may help me to read faster, but it will comprehend my reading (Horner 2013). Overall summary of my experience of the 301 Academic Skills Workshop Programme Attending the workshop helped me to my degree as well as my employability. I have learned how to develop, plan and improve my skills. I can identify my priorities as well as my strengths. These workshops provide similar opportunities to every individual (Candlin and Hyland 2014). The first workshop I attended was for writing a dissertation paper. I learnt how to write literature reviews and research methodologies. I learnt how to find research aim and write a dissertation paper. Previously, I did not know to write a properly structured dissertation paper. However, after attending the workshop, I have improved in dissertation writing with proper structures. I am using relevant references for my present dissertation paper. I can discover the arguments of my literature review and proceed accordingly (Derbyshire 2014). The second workshop was about note taking. This workshop helped me a lot to improve my note taking skills by remaining more attentive in class. I have become an active listener in class and I frame my notes by following the Cornell note taking model. I organize my notes and keep them precise to use them for future reading. I record my notes in class in the right-hand column of the paper using shorthand and bullet points. I also pick out keywords for the left-hand column to question myself and understand things in a better manner. I am trying to improve my handwriting for proper visibility (Bloomquist 2013). The third workshop was about academic writing. This is necessary for every university student. The workshop helped me to use proper style, technique and tone in my writing. This was the best workshop attended by me. I learnt to frame proper sentences and paragraphs and communicate my thoughts and ideas to my readers. I can use reliable academic sources to support my ideas. The workshop has enabled me to identify the problems I face and rectify them accordingly. Sending formal emails has proved difficult to me, but I am working on it and will soon be able to overcome the problem (Gebril and Plakans 2014). The last workshop I signed up for was speed-reading. I have learnt specific skills in the workshop that can be included in my cover letters. I have started to increase the number of words read per minute. First, I set the goal for 600 words per minute and now I can read up to 750 words per minute, which is a great achievement for me. I can segregate important information from large texts and read without any hassle. I have conducted various experiments to smoothen my eye movement (Al Dahhan et al. 2014). References Adler, M.J. and Van Doren, C., 2014.How to read a book: the classic guide to intelligent reading. Simon and Schuster. Al Dahhan, N., Georgiou, G.K., Hung, R., Munoz, D., Parrila, R. and Kirby, J.R., 2014. Eye movements of university students with and without reading difficulties during naming speed tasks.Annals of dyslexia,64(2), pp.137-150. Bailey, S., 2014.Academic writing: a handbook for international students. Routledge. Balota, D.A., 2016. Speed Reading You Cant Always Get What You Want, but Can You Sometimes Get What You Need?.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,17(1), pp.1-3. Boyle, J.R. and Forchelli, G.A., 2014. Differences in the note-taking skills of students with high achievement, average achievement, and learning disabilities.Learning and Individual Differences,35, pp.9-14. Candlin, C.N. and Hyland, K., 2014.Writing: Texts, processes and practices. Routledge. Chang, W.C. and Ku, Y.M., 2014. The Effects of Note-Taking Skills Instruction on Elementary Students Reading.The Journal of Educational Research, (ahead-of-print), pp.1-14. Derbyshire, U.K., 2014. Dissertation and Thesis Titles.Cell,970, pp.599-401099. Flowerdew, J., 2014.Academic discourse. Routledge. Ganobcsik-Williams, L., 2014. Editorial: Shared Practices and Theories in Academic Writing.Journal of Academic Writing,4(1), pp.ii-iii. Gebril, A. and Plakans, L., 2014. Assembling validity evidence for assessing academic writing: Rater reactions to integrated tasks.Assessing Writing,21, pp.56-73. Germano, W., 2014.From dissertation to book. University of Chicago Press. Gillies, A., 2014.Notetaking for Consecutive Interpreting: A Short Course. Routledge. Greetham, B., 2014.How to write your undergraduate dissertation. Palgrave Macmillan. Hagen, .M., Braasch, J.L. and Brten, I., 2014. Relationships between spontaneous noteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ taking, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ reported strategies and comprehension when reading multiple texts in different task conditions.Journal of Research in Reading,37(S1), pp.S141-S157. Itua, I., Coffey, M., Merryweather, D., Norton, L. and Foxcroft, A., 2014. Exploring barriers and solutions to academic writing: Perspectives from students, higher education and further education tutors.Journal of Further and Higher Education,38(3), pp.305-326. Martin-Chang, S., Ouellette, G. and Madden, M., 2014. Does poor spelling equate to slow reading? The relationship between reading, spelling, and orthographic quality.Reading and Writing,27(8), pp.1485-1505. Peverly, S.T., Garner, J.K. and Vekaria, P.C., 2014. Both handwriting speed and selective attention are important to lecture note-taking.Reading and Writing,27(1), pp.1-30. Peverly, S.T., Vekaria, P.C., Reddington, L.A., Sumowski, J.F., Johnson, K.R. and Ramsay, C.M., 2013. The Relationship of Handwriting Speed, Working Memory, Language Comprehension and Outlines to Lecture Noteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ taking and Testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ taking among College Students.Applied Cognitive Psychology,27(1), pp.115-126. Quick, J. and Hall, S., 2015. Part four: The research dissertation: planning, producing and writing a thesis.Journal of Perioperative Practice,25(11), pp.215-218. Rayner, K., Schotter, E.R., Masson, M.E., Potter, M.C. and Treiman, R., 2016. So Much to Read, So Little Time How Do We Read, and Can Speed Reading Help?.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,17(1), pp.4-34. Rudestam, K.E. and Newton, R.R., 2014.Surviving your dissertation: A comprehensive guide to content and process. Sage Publications.

The Message Of Babi Yar Essays - The Holocaust In Ukraine

The Message of Babi Yar There are very few people in the world who are willing to go against the popular trends and do what they feel in their hearts is correct. But Yevgeny Yevtushenko is one of those people. In his poem Babi Yar, he tells the story of the modern persecution of the Jews, focusing on atrocities like those of the massacre at Babi Yar and the pogroms at Beilostok, and also the general anti-Semitism that killed men like Dreyfus and pervades the entire Russian people. The poem uses many literary devices, such as graphic imagery and contrasts, while painting a very clear picture of the scenes of pure horror. Babi Yar is written in many different voices, all of which, however, have the same message. The author starts off with his own perspective, then goes on and describes certain people in modern Jewish history whose lives will forever be remembered as symbols of the time. At the end of the poem the author comes back and speaks in his own voice, yet this time he delivers a message to his people about how they have committed a large number of these crimes against the Jews, yet think that such actions are pure and good for Russia. By switching from the voices of those who were so afflicted by the persecution to a voice of accusation, the author effectively points out how foolish the arguments of the Russians are when they try to point out any validity in killing millions of Jews. The poem starts out with a description of the ravine at Babi Yar. However, all it says is that there is nothing to describe. It calls the steep ravine, which is the grave sight of one hundred thousand people, the only memorial that is there. This frightens the author, because the massiveness of the tragedy deserves at least some recognition. Then Yevtushenko realizes that fear is a part of Judaism, something that is as old as them, and therefore originating with them. He says that he too must be a Jew for he is afraid of what his people and his society have become. Many years ago, in the "ancient days," it would not be such a shock to see the Jews enslaved in Egypt or crucified as a means of torture and death, but even in modern times the same things are going on-he still has the marks from where the nails pierced him. The author has used classical examples of Jewish persecution which every one knows is gone in the physical sense, but show how they still exist in the theoretical aspect, as the persecution is still occurring. In the next three ezzas, the poem takes the ezdpoint of three figures whose stories are pertinent examples of what Yevtushenko is trying to rely in this poem. First the voice of Dreyfus is used, and the ezza describes how horribly and unfairly he was treated, and how the country and its leaders turned their backs on him. There are two important literary devices used in this section. First the author puts the word "pettiness" on a line by itself. This is used as a declaration of what the author feels anti-Semitism is based on. It is because of pettiness that Dreyfus was accused and further because of pettiness that he was not pardoned when it was proven that he had not committed any crime. The next important device is the description of ladies with their umbrellas. This is an image to the wealthy aristocracy of France, who not only turned their backs on Dreyfus and did not help him, but also increased the effort to have him punished unnecessarily. The next Jewish figure whom the author singles out is a boy from the town of Bielostok, where one of the most horrible pogroms ever took place. The entire ezza focuses on the image of how bad the people were who participated in the pogrom. Using graphic images of blood spurting all around and of victims pointlessly begging for mercy, the author clearly shows how wrong the pogroms were and wrong his countrymen were for allowing them to occur. A device the author uses in this ezza is contrast, as in

OBE Workplace Diversity

A summary of the paper shows that the debate focuses on the impact of implementing a diversity training program to fight workplace discrimination.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on OBE Workplace Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organisations implement diversity training programs as an afterthought when they have lost cases of employee discrimination. The paper discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and the practical implications of the diversity training program using different and practical examples. The advantages of workplace diversity programs include the ability to transform individuals to enrich their knowledge, respond to social needs, improve intra-group and interpersonal relationships, address personal prejudice, avoid impulse management, practice personal accountability, improve problem solving abilities, become a better workforce, plan well, and attain greater levels of complexity for the or ganisation to achieve competitive advantage in its operations (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter Ng 2001). According to DeFour, David, Diaz and Thompkins (2003, p.34), the disadvantages of the diversity training program include the people’s poor perspectives on culture and diversity, which increases stereotyping and fosters feelings of racism among employees. According to Zeidner, Matthews and Roberts (2004, p.45), the academic perspective of the debate from the side of employee is based on the heterogeneity and identity of a diverse workforce, which from a practical perspective is influenced by the behavior and interactions among organisational employees. The underpinning factors include leadership, comparative values, demographics, organisational culture, comparative attitudes, conflicts, individual psychology, and social psychology and their impact on workplace discrimination. Adopting the diversity training program could have an effect on the approach organisations use to retain a pool of talented employees, their recruitment and retention capabilities and the effect on innovation, strategy accomplishment, and individual complexity.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here, the manager’s perspective is based on the views by Salin (2003, p.1213), Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Lee and Podsakoff (2003, p. 900), and Mavin and Girling (2000, p.430) who argue that the role of the manager is to implement programs to empower people with the right attitudes and knowledge at organisational, group, and individual levels to fight and overcome workplace discrimination. According to Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, Porter and Ng (2001, p. 435), the next perspective is anchored on the organisational response to the impact of the legal and political environment, which introduce diversity training programs when they have lost cases against discrimination. Colquitt, Con lon, Wesson, Porter and Ng (2001, p. 435) argue that managers focus on the diversity training programs as the most reliable diversity management tool. Organisations focus on organisational function, gender, cognitive style, and personality to improve the perceptions and behavior of employee towards each other and to make them cope with workplace diversity. However, Chiaburu and Harrison (2008, p.1090) support opponents to both perspectives by arguing that diversity training might not be very useful, but are gateways of increasing discrimination at the workplace. Chiaburu and Harrison (2008, p.1091) support the position with practical examples by affirming that when such a program was introduced in one organisation, the number of white women promoted increased and that of black women demoted increased. In another organisation, students showed more bias towards older people, which made more people to develop ill feelings towards their colleagues and an increase in cultural diversity a nd stereotyping was noted. From the debate, it is recommended that organisations can implement workplace diversity programs as the best approach to overcome stereotyping by strategically integrating the program into the culture of the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on OBE Workplace Diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Chiaburu, DS Harrison, DA 2008, ‘Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance’. Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 5, no. 93, pp. 1082-1098. Colquitt, JA, Conlon, D E, Wesson, MJ, Porter, CO Ng, KY 2001, ‘Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research’, Journal of applied psychology, vol. 3, no. 86, pp. 425-450 DeFour, DC, David, G, Diaz, FJ Thompkins, S 2003, ‘The interface of race, sex, sexual or ientation, and ethnicity in understanding sexual harassment’, Academic and workplace sexual harassment: A handbook of cultural, social science, management, and legal perspectives, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 31-45. Mavin, S Girling, G 2000, ‘What is managing diversity and why does it matter?’, Human Resource Development International, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 419-433. Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Lee, JY Podsakoff, NP 2003, ‘Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies’, Journal of applied psychology, vol. 5, no. 88, pp. 879-900 Salin, D 2003, Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human relations, vol. 10, no. 56, pp. 1213-1232. Zeidner, M, Matthews, G Roberts, RD 2004, ‘Emotional intelligence in the workplace: A critical review’, Applied Psychology, vol. 3, no. 53, pp. 371-399.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on OBE Workplace Diversity was written and submitted by user Galilea B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Facilitating Workshops to Boost Your Income

Facilitating Workshops to Boost Your Income When we contemplate writing a book, we think about a novel full of mystery, intrigue and drama. But have you thought about writing a book that zeros in on your professional expertise, then packaging it with workshops to increase your monthly income? When I started a monthly workshop series four years ago, I decided to leverage decades of experience as a writer and writing coach to help beginning and professional writers. Use a Multi-Faceted Marketing Approach In facilitating workshops, you need a multi-level marketing approach to promote them. I rely on a simple, effective system that combines three marketing vehicles: 1) online newsletters (I use Constant Contact), 2) online partners, 3) public speaking. Each of these techniques serves as an important component in creating a comprehensive marketing strategy to promote my workshops. Online newsletters are a great marketing tool for workshop facilitators, but they’re only effective when paired with a database of qualified prospects (people who are interested in your subject matter). This is where having a multi-level approach comes in handy. Build your database Where Do Your Prospects Congregate? Over the years I’ve found MeetUp.com to be my best online partner to attract new workshop attendees. In fact, attendees actually find me Giving presentations to writing groups and libraries also promotes my workshops. I include a promotional offering geared specifically for my target audience – like hosting free coaching clinics. This approach builds my database (for the online newsletter) and relationships, since it’s a great way to meet writers on an individual basis to assess their goals and challenges.   I have several clients who use similar techniques. One client, Pat, is a retired nurse who’s written a book about the communication gap among doctors, nurses and caregivers for the chronically ill. As soon as her book published, Pat developed workshops centered on her knowledge and decades of service. She used her 24-chapter book to plan monthly workshops for two years in advance. The workshop reinforces the message of the book, and the book reinforces the workshops. In addition, Pat gives profiles and assessments to family members concerned about their aging parents, to discover what level of care they need. Facilitating these workshops helps Pat establish herself in the community as a local expert. Caregivers come to her for advice, and they trust her expertise because she can address everything from finding the best doctors to knowing when to sign up for Medicaid and Medicare. If you’re a writer who wants to earn more income, take advantage of your years of professional experience ### T.L. Champion is an award-winning writer and author of Earth-Shattering [Story] CLIMAXES †¦ for writers who want to go all the way (Amazon). As a writing coach, she helps writers one-on-one and facilitates the monthly â€Å"Write Here, Write Now† workshops, helping fiction and nonfiction writers (books and screenplays) achieve their dreams. She can be reached at TL@Champion-Studios.com.

Chief ethical problem(s) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chief ethical problem(s) - Essay Example My professional life still is not confined to one particular professional field, but in all its manifestations it assumes the existence and the necessity of such personal quality as leadership. Under the leadership I mean the ability and the right of me as a social person to lead a group of other like-minded people towards achieving our mutual goal. Thus I understand my goal as a leader is in creation and realization of effective opportunities in noble ways. Only by using honest and justified instruments while being guided by such human values as respect and confidence, my impact as a leader would be long-termed. Thus, I use professional ethics in everyday life in order to choose what to do while facing a moral issue problem. Using own experience I may say some words about my personal method of aiming at the best solution in the field of leadership. As you’ve already understood, I have a kind of moral rules set to use in any situation. First of all, I must be sure in society usefulness (not just personal) of what I am doing. Secondly, I must be responsible and sensitive to possible outcomes of my professional activities. That is why I must follow the principle of "competence", which emphasizes that I should be only involved in those professional activity areas in which I have the knowledge, skills, training and experience. These basic ethical principles can be specified for different areas of professional activity by every decent person. But the main trait for leader at any professional field is being a good communicator. You should be able not just to express yourself well both in speaking and in writing, you must remember that a good communicator is a good listener, so you should be very attentive to people you are surrounded as well as to their problems. True leader should be able to support everybody in the company administrating mechanism if it really needs help. And the most important attribute for leader is being critical towards

Culture of Tears Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture of Tears - Research Paper Example The word cry has been mentioned in 168 verses in the bible and a total of 181 times. Crieth is a word that has been mentioned 17 times each in a different verse from the other, while the word cry appears once within the bible. That is not the end. The word cried has been mentioned in 195 verses and the total number of times it is mentioned adds up to 199 times. For 49 times, the word weep has been mentioned within 45 bible verses while weepest appears 3 times each in a different bible verse from the other. Weepeth appears in 41 verses of the Bible and total number of times t has been mentioned is 44 (Donald, 2008). All these words mean the same thing, to sum up, it is evident that the term tears and other words that are associated appear 534 times in the bible in 354 verses of the bible. This information gives people a very familiar theme of tears that is found all through the bible. In fact, weeping is associated with notable God’s servants explained in the bible (Donald, 200 8). The Lord himself happened to be a man of tears. Today Jews and other societies have adopted a different culture where crying portrayed to be a girlish thing. It is acceptable for women and girls. This is by far different from what is seen in the bible. It is an incorrect teaching since within the bible tears are accepted and highly praised or much admired. The heavy, as well as the continued trials through which many God’s people have gone through, are teachings of the believers on the need to be patient and silent under light suffering. Yet believers are even tempted to repine as well as despond. David comforts himself, at the time of fear and distress that God took notice of all his griefs as well as all his grievances. â€Å"You have taken account of my wanderings; Put my tears in Your bottle. Are they not in Your book? God has book and a bottle for the tears of his people, both the tears for his people’s sins as well as those for their suffering.  

Nanotechnology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nanotechnology - Essay Example 1342-1347; Roco, 2001,pp. 225-233; Singh, Olson, & Maher, 2007, pp. 189-190; Takagi , Hirose A, Nishimura, Fukumori, Ogato, Ohashi, Kitajima & Kanno, 2008, pp. 105-116; Takenaka ,Karg , Roth, Schulz , Ziesenis, Heinzmann, Chramel, & Heyder, 2001, 547-461; Tinkle, Antonini, Roberts , Salmen, DePree & Adkins, 2003, pp, 1202-1208; Tran, BuBuchanan, Cullen, Searl, Jones, & Donaldson, 2000, pp, 1113-1126; Vincent & Clement, 2000, pp. 2673-2682. ). Describe the down and bottom up approach to nanotechnology There are two approaches in synthesizing nano materials and the creation of nano structures. These are top-down and bottom-up approaches (Gitam University, 2013). Top down approach is the slicing or successive cutting of a bulk material to get nano sized particle (Gitam University, 2013; Srinivasan, 2008, p. 1-3; Sullivan, 2001, pp. 51-53).  Ã‚  Bottom up approach, on the other hand, refers to the build-up of a material from the bottom (Gitam University, 2013). This means materials are reduced atom by atom, molecule by molecule or cluster by cluster. Both approaches are considered crucial in the development of modern nano industry and both possessed advantages and disadvantages (Gitam University, 2013).   Experts cited that process of attrition or milling is a common top down method in establishing nano particles while the colloidal dispersion is a bottom up type approach in synthesizing nano particles (Gitam University, 2013; Iqbal, Preece, & Mendes, 2012, p, 1). Experts explained that the problem with top down approach is the surface structure imperfection and the potential crystallographic damages in the construction method (Gitam University, 2013). This posed additional challenges in the architectural design and fabrication of matters although the application remained favourable to the production of nano materials albeit some limitations and risks posed by researchers (Gitam University, 2013; Brown, 2002, p. 1). Notwithstanding defects, nanotech continues t o play an important role in the synthesis of nano structures (Gitam University, 2013). The century is experiencing this advancement. This is even done in the production of salt and nitrate in chemical industry(Gitam University, 2013; Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Long ago, people are already content to use rock salt as mixture and for food preservation. These days, there are already iodized salt that are reduced into minute particles in the market. Hence, tools are now made with nanometer scale to produce nano structures with less defects, and more homogeneous chemical composition (Gitam University, 2013; Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Unlike the bottom up approach, the top-down method introduces internal stress, surface defects and possible contamination. To further cite an example, electronic integrated circuits are created using top-down process with limitations described (Gitam University, 2013; Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Bottom-up app roach assembles materials in supramolecular chemistry that combined an alternative route (Gitam University, 2013; Institute Of Nanotechnology, 2003, p, 245). Indicate the current stage of technology progress towards each of these. The development of laptops, microchips for information archiving, production of scanning tunneling microscope, digital cameras with zooming lenses that capture and

The Culture Practice Of Vani

The Culture Practice Of Vani Culture is the systems or way of life, which is shared by a large number of people. In culture, some practices and activities create the social differences with other social group. Actually the culture is total of activities, and material or spiritual things. It is basically the logical and self made system of value belief as well as set of practice which become their characteristic and move over time to time or generation to generation. It also gives to individual identity and become the part of that culture. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998) The tradition is inheriting elements of culture which move one generation to another. Actually tradition is set of customs or practices, which are regularly, perform in our daily life and which support the people in every circumstances that how they can spend their life. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998) In every culture the tradition and practices are link every one life and dominating their every part of life like birth, marriages death ceremony etc. In Pakistani culture there are some tradition related to marriage are exists like watta satta, Karo Kari, vani, Swara etc.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Vani is a Pashto word derived from Vanay which stands for blood. Vani is culture practice which is very common in Pashtoon families. This cruel custom also practices in Punjab especially in Mianwali and neighboring areas, which becomes there social norm. Mianwali is a region in the north-west of Punjab province, in Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) According to vani it is the method of resolving disputes like Qatal and Zana and settling debts between families and tribes. According to this a custom, female who is the member of criminal males family are married or given to the victims family as a compensation of his sin. These decisions are often final by a Jirga. (Chaudhry.R, 2006). In phaktoon family, girls are given Vani marriage for as compensation of murder, adultery, abduction and kidnapping which is committed by the men of the family. (Usafzai , Ali. Z. 2004) In the tribes vani is practice, which has no written rules and regulation. In vani, If one family or tribe of a village kills member of other family or tribe, then the criminal family or tribe offer a girl or woman to the aggrieved family to settle the enmity.( Khattak, R. 2009). Vani Tradition is an old age tradition. This tradition started almost 400 years ago when two Pathan tribes of Mianwali fought a bloody war. During the war approximately 800 people were killed. At that time Nawab of Tank tried to solve the problem. He called the Girga (jirga) who decided that girls are given as Qisas. Later on this decision became a custom which passed over generation to generation. This tradition is practiced in different areas of Sindh, Punjab and NWFP. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) These marriages are known as Vani, Sakh, Sawara, Sharam, Khoon Baha, and Sang Chatti with the difference of languages in different areas. (Zofeen T. E, 2006) In Punjab it is known as Vani, Sindh it is known as Sang Chati, Baluchistan it is known as Ijai, and NWFP it is known as Swara. These are an original means of different dispute resolution instrument. (Ramzan, I. 2009) The custom and tradition are unwritten and there are no hard and fast rules. So vani has practice in different ways. Mostly the vani decision is made according to the nature of crime. Hidden vani is the kind of vani when some kind of crime done for which both families are not wanted to open it for the sake of honour then it is done. It is type of secret vani. Mostly these issues are zana either zina bil jabar or zana bill raza. In this type of cases female indirectly convince the male for the particular proposal. (Salamat, R.2007). The second kind of vani which is done in front of tribe, in this case the decision is made by jirga. Mostly the decisions are done according to effected family will. (Salamat, R.2007). In vani custom the relation are decide at the time of decision in Punchayat that can be nikah, engagement or ruksati. In engagement the decision of vani women and men are decide and ruksati are decided later according to both party will. Mostly this decision is done when girls are minor or not born but their decision of marriage is done. In second type of vani is that nikah are done immediately in jirga. This decision is done when severe kind of dispute is between two families. That time parents and no one has permission to delay the nikah. In mostly cases the father or brother accepts the nikah on the behalf of girl. Immediately departure of bride it also part of vani. In some cases the bride leave parents home immediately after the decision of vani and in some cases the day and month of departure are decided in jirga and according to the decision the departure are done. (Salamat, R.2007) In some cases money and property is also given to the victim family with the women. This happen mostly in the cases of long term enmity. Secondly when rich families give vani to poor family then for the betterment of their girl criminal families give property or money to effected family. (Salamat, R. 2007) In the tribal area Vani is performed as beneficial instrument because this practice is resolve the dispute and tie the enemy in strong relation which never breaks again. When there is enmity between two families and tribes due to any reason then people of both tribes arrange the marriage for the sake of new and strong relation. The criminal party accepts crime and gives her female to other party, through giving female to his family is compensation of sin and aggrieved party forgive them. In simple word the girl is used for compensation. (Salamat, R. 2007). The main thinking behind vani is that in dispute effected family actually loss their hounor because of criminal party. Women are consider the hounor of family in that tribal areas so effected party take women of effected family as compensation. So through women actually they return their hounor. (Salamat, R. 2007). According to Islamic law of Qisas and Diyat, in compensation (Badal-i-Sulh)of murder , the criminal paid or given to a Wali, cash or in the form of moveable or movable property, which done according to mutual willingness of both parties and Shariah.( Chaudhry, Sharif, M. 1993). But in vani practice women give to another party as compensation. The some people are poor when they murder some one, then it is impossible for them to pay the Qisas and Diyat. So they give them women for compensation without money. Actually it is wrong. It is done to save the money and property, Due to materialistic world now a day even rich people of tribal areas also give the women as vani and save their money and property. (Salamat, R. 2007). According to vani custom the any girl and women of criminal party accept as vani but in community the custom are not like this. There are some proffered girls or women for compensation purpose. These are sister, daughter, daughter of brother; etc if girl of that criminal party is not available then they can buy the girl and give effected family. But mostly it is preferred that the girl and women are kid of that criminal person or group. In the effected family male member are also required for marriage purpose. There is no specification for male or bride groom. On effected side male can be brother, son, father etc. Mostly that person is chosen who are older, abnormal and those by whom marriage is not possible. (Salamat, R. 2007). It is inhuman and unislamic practice that is violates of women basic human right. It is cruel meanness towards women, treating them as a property and cattle that is used to settle disputes. Women pay for that crime which she never did. This tribal tradition makes the life of thousands of girls a living hell. (Ehsan A. 2006). Violence against women through customary practice like Vani, Watta satta, hounor killing, exists in Pakistan, Which was creating serious disorder in the society and exploit the women life. These practice is become the social norms, Like Vani marriages has become as a social norm in tribal areas of Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, Mushtaq. R, 2004). These practice are continuously practice, in 2008 in Pakistan 50 cases of vani are done and under the jirga system and 210 cases of forced marriages are registered. (Awan. A, Z. 2009). Vani is a pre-Islamic tradition which has no scope in Islam. These practices must be condemned and punished. Vani is also against the teachings of Islam. In Islam all marriage prohibited which done under any kind of pressure. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has at many examples to stop such kind of marriages. These marriages were known as Sabaya, which is practice in the days of Jahiliya (ignorance). In which Arabs used to capture the ladies of enemy and beaten after the battle. Vani is also the example of that marriage in two manners. A woman is married without her consent and punished for that crime which she never committed. Which is restrict in Islam(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. In Islam there is no discrimination between persons on the basis of gender, color, race, nationality, wealth, etc. only the superiority of a person is base on justice, and moral excellence. So how it is possible, that any person exploited the womens life on the name of custom is Islamic practice. Islam gives women respect, honor, right to inherit property, to marry anyone with their own choice and the right to divorce. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. According to Islamic law a punishment should have four characteristics. It should be disciplinary, retributive, reformative and a limit. But vani has not any of these characteristic, because criminal himself goes free and innocent girl pay their unlimited cost. In Islam, there is no clear responsibility that every person must bear the burden of his/her own actions, and in Islam no concept of women gives as compensation in Badal-i-Sulh. It violates the law of Qisas and Diyat. (Anis, F. 2003) According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights in article 1 that all human being born free and equal right and dignity, but the vani practice is direct conflict with it 1 article. In vani practice the girl punished for those act which she never did. She is also born free and equal right like men. But she exploited in the hand of men and become commodity. As a human being she is free for take any decision, but in vani without her consent she gets marries with any person for revival. Article 16 of Universal Declaration of Human Right, that there is no limitation for any men and women to marry and form a family. Without any discrimination of race, nationality or religion they can enjoy their marriage and family. There is free full consent for both men and women to choose their spouse. But in vani neither the men consent is asked or nor the women consent for marriage. Both men and women force to marrying to end of enmity. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) The vani practice is also violates the constitutional law. Like in vani women liberty and mobility are restricted but in Article 9 of the Constitution are guarantees that any person whether men and women has freedom of liberty. It also violates Article 4 of the Constitution that guarantees that every citizen has full right to enjoy the protection of the law but in vani practice law dont support her. It has declared in Supreme Court that vani custom un-Islamic and unconstitutional under the Constitution of 1973. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007) Pakistan is the member of CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women) which work to protect the women from discrimination, violence against women and protect their rights. In article 16 of CEDAW in which stated that all parties shall take all proper step to eliminate discrimination against woman in all matters relating to marriage and family relations and ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women. In this article man and women both has right to enter in marriage and freely chosen the spouse. But in vani practice there are no concept consent and equal right for marriage. Women oppress for marriage by father, brother or other male member of society. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) Vani is illegal practice. In 2002, the Chief Justice of Pakistan declared vani as un-Islamic practice. In March 2004 a press reports of the Law and Justice Commission stated that, All people who include in vani decision must be punished. The Commission also came with a draft amendment to article 366-C of the Pakistan Penal Code. According to it: Those entire person who take part in the decision of vani whether any person to offer or accept of women as vani, or whether the part of Punchayat they shall be punished in jail. Which is minimum 3 year or it can exceed 10 years and also liable to a fine. Whether it is done with the consent of both the parties, or it is done with the consent of the female herself, it must be punished. But still this amendment has not been passed. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007) In vani practice marriage are done without the consent of girl so it is also violate the Hudood ordinance section 6 in which force marriage under this practice need to protection of law, because it is illegal. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) Vani practice is done mostly as child marriage which is prohibited in Islam and all over the world laws. According to UN Convention in which child marriage are prohibited under Rights of Child in article 2. At the same according to Muslim Family Law Ordinance, that at the time of marriage the girl must have reach at the age of 16 and a boy must reached at the age of 18, and both proper consent taken before marriage. According to Punishment for Parent or Guardian Concerned in a Child Marriage Section 6. If any persons promote the child marriage in any case or in any way shall be punished minimum 1 month or with fine which extends to one thousand rupees or with both. But vani mostly girls given over are below the age of 18 which is in conflict with these law and convention. . (Ebrahim, Z. 2009). Government takes initiative against vani, Like Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and different NGOs are working against the custom of vani. The Supreme Court of Pakistan has also taken action of forced marriages in different areas of parts of Sindh, Punjab and N.W.F.P. National Judicial Policy making Committee in a meeting announced that vani is unislamic practice and it must be punished.( Minallah, S. (2007). In 2004 Pervez Musharraf, Pakistans ex- president, passed law against vani during visit by the US president, George Bush. But it didnt implement because of laws limited influence in rural areas. In rural area feudal system is so strong so only 15 vani cases have been tried under the new law in Mianwali. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. There are several cultural factors which become the reasons of violence against women in Pakistan. Patriarchal society, misinterpretation of Islam, and cruel practices in culture are major cause of low women status. Women are considering as object and property. Vani practice is one of the major customary practices which become vital cause of women exploitation. The women pay the cost of that sin which actually they never did. The only sin of women is that she had the blood relation with sinner or criminal. Because of this her whole life are exploited. (Jehanzeb, 2004). If girl married as vani and went to enemy house then there is no place in society. They are treated by their new families without any kindness. Even parents of vani victims are mistreat with her after marriage and not value her sacrificing. They have no place in either home or in-laws. The innocent girls are suffering forever in an environment of opposition Due to psychological trauma it difficult to handle the stressful demand of their husband, children and in-laws. (Jehanzeb, 2004). Vani is considered an evil tradition and sever punishment, especially by the feminists because the main victim is the innocent and wordless girl who sacrifices for the sake of her brothers and parents. It is a cruel behavior towards females because women bear the punishment of that crime which she never committed. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. According to the annual report of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (2003), Vani is like of death punishment for victim women. Although they are not physically killed, but the humiliation, abuses and misery which they face in her husband home is terrible punishment which she faces in her whole life. Women face this for that crime which she never did. (p.56) Vani girl is just like a slave in their house, because she comes from the enemys family. The Taunts, curses and violence become the fate of vani women in everyday life, because she has blood relation with that person who killed their loved one. She is a continuously reminder in the in-laws of the death of their loved one. They try to give pain to the girl and her family members. (Ullah Khan, Z. 2006) This custom is like announcement of death sentence for girls, because she knows that she has to live in unwelcoming and miserable scenario till the end of her life. She must lives in aggressive situation and she will never be happy there, because there no one love and care about her. Everyone abuse and taunt her, because she has blood relation with sinner. (Ebrahim, 2006). Vani whether is used properly or is misused, is against the norms of human rights. The vani girl has to bear psychological and mental torture till the end of her life. That girl will have to live in an unsympathetic situation and she will never be happy over there. The innocent girl never understands the cause of pain upon her. Her body, mind and soul would traumatize till she dies. They have to face terrible cost of that decision. (Khan, 2009). Violence against women is not only brings physical injuries, psychological impacts of violence become the cause of pressure on their power of thinking and behaving. This violence leaves a long lasted trauma which with no proper healing. (Babur Udin, Z . 2007). Because of vani women life becomes miserable. So being a mother miserable condition and lack of security makes children turn into indirect victims. Apart from the women suffering problems with self-esteem, their children face severe emotional and behavioral problems growing up with the traumatic. (Jehanzeb, 2004). Violence against women is not only about women violence on sex, or about conflict. It is about control, their mobility, their access to material resources and their both productive and reproductive role (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller( 1992) highlight:p.2) In patriarchal society women has low status, because man considered as personal properties which control every aspect of lives of women including their life style, behavior and movements etc. Men make the decisions, and women pressurize to follow those decisions in family, tribe, community and society. Because of male dominating society women consider minority in society. (Hassan, 1995).In many tribal areas, women are even not considered as human beings. She is cattle or personal property which used for trade or to settle debts or conflicts. These types of practices become women low status in society. (Shaheed, 1990). In our society women are face discrimination and violence on a daily life, due to the cultural and religious norms and belief. In our society the concept of Char Divari, a term translated literally to mean the four walls of the house restricted women mobility. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) According to social norm women restricted in her father and brother home and after marriage the live in husbands home. There is no other option for her. In the society the proverb like ( aurat baap k ghar ko chorti hai dole mai or shohar k ghar ko coffin mai) mean women leave father home in bridal palanquin and that of their husbands only in coffin. These types of social norms restricted women mobility. She faces psychological and physical violence but never dare to leave it.( shaheed,F. ghazdar,A.1998) In vani practice at the time of departure no brides are made in proper way and when she leave the father home that time their relative and parents weep bitterly because they know that now her mobility is restricted. Even she never allows coming parents home expect particular occasion. (Salamat, R. 2007). In our society women continuously become the victims of this senseless violence. The hounor of family associated with women. Through out life it is internalized on her in socialization that family hounor are linked with her action. Women spend whole life in submission and fear that she doesnt do any thing which becomes the result of family dishonored in society. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) All her life she faces threats. She accepts all kind of violence for the sake of father, brother, or husband hounor and actually these relation makes women lives more miserable. So through out whole life women have pressure to safe the hounor of male and family in society. In vani same women has social pressure to safe the life and hounor of his male member of family. For the sake of his family so-called honour she spend whole life in hell (Babur Udin, Z. 2007) According to Human rights lawyer Hina Jilani (1998, p.143), women protection in the name of family honour from immoral activities is done for the sake of social morality actually is the oppression of basic human rights of women. Gender-based violence included physical, psychological violence on women, which is done by her husband or by another person family. Physical violence includes torture beating burning and murdering of woman. Psychological violence includes verbal aggression, humiliation, abuse, taunt etc. (International Planned Parenthood Federation (2000). When vani women went husband home where she face physical violence like beating, torture of husband or other family member and also psychological violence like curses, abuse, taunt then how her life are secured. This violence has no limitation, women face it till death. (U, Ubaid. K, Ullah, Zia. F, Aliya. 2006)

Review of “Peer-E-Kamil” Essay

Pir-e-Kamil (SAW) meaning The Perfect Mentor, is one of the fiction novel written by well known and famous Pakistani writer Umera Ahmed. The book was firstly published in 2005 in Urdu language and later on in 2011 the book was published in English language too. I have decided to write review on this book because I found the book an extraordinary attempt by the writer Umera Ahmed. I have selected this book for review because the facts shown in the book were heart & soul shaking. Many among us don’t think about these facts and coming life but only consider it as to have the luxuries and to relax after working hard for gathering as much luxuries as they can. The only right path starts from ALLAH and ends at his beloved last Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) but unfortunately not as many of us thinks about it. Umera Ahmed was born on December 10, 1976 in Sialkot. Umera Ahmed completed her masters in English literature from Murray College,Sialkot. She began her writing career in 1998 with her initial stories published in monthly Urdu digests. She has written 16 books, ranging from complete novels to compilations of short stories. Her most popular book is the current book of which I am presenting the review Pir-e-Kamil (SAW). This book became identity for Umera Ahmed. Later she became an English language lecturer for the students of O and A levels at Army Public College, Sialkot. However, she left the job a few years back in order to devote her full attention to writing. Her novels and her plays have been adapted for television. Umera Ahmed is one of the most widely-read and popular Urdu fiction novelist and screenplay writer of this era. Her stories revolves around many social, domestic and spiritual issues and consists of colours of true love, friendship, suspense and tragedy. What differe ntiates her from others is her ambition of bringing light on certain controversial issues of modern era. Pir-e-Kamil, is our Prophet (S.A.W) someone the whole Muslim Ummah loves. The story of ‘Pir-e-Kamil’ is about a girl named ‘Imamah’ who went through many changes in her life because of her love for Allah and His Messenger S.A.W. Pir-e-Kamil is a story of Imamah Hashim, who belongs to a family of Qadiyanis. Qadiyanis are a group of people who choose divergence from true Islam by selling their faith and these are considered non-believers by Islamic Law and according to the Law of Pakistan too. Imamah grews up in that family but feels something to be missing in her life. She found what she was looking for in Islam. Her conversion to Islam brought some serious and difficult challenges to her life, and faced rejection and harsh behavior of her family on becoming a Muslim. Her family planned her wedding with her cousin â€Å"Asjad† who was also a Qadiyani. As It isn’t permissible for a Muslim woman to marry a non-Muslim, so she asks for her Muslim neighbors, Salar’s help. Salar was one of those special people who have 150+ IQ level and amazing memory. This book is also about the story of Salar Sikander, a very different and complicated character, who was living a sinful and worse life like the life of anyone in the world but not that of how a good Muslim should live. He had tried to commit suicide a few times just because he wants to feel the pain. After that story the book is about the hardships these characters face in life. The book tells us that Any success in this world and in the next World, is only granted for the love of Holy Prophet (SAW) and beyond that there is nothing that a person requires. Nothing. The writers expressive style does justice to the wonderful plot and by the end of the novel you cant help but at least think over the lessons and morals in the book. The novel’s plot, facts expressed in the novel, the scenes hence, everything was heart touching, heart shaking and perfect. It is not just an ordinary novel, but Pir-e-Kamil will let you examine your own life and see if the lives we are living are in accordance with what Allah (God) wants us to live like in this World. The story of the book is such a great one that no one can sit without admiring it. It shows the people who love Allah and His Messenger (SAW) and how people have changed by the will of Allah through other people. It is spiritual story. I’m sure that there are many people who go through such phases in their lives, infact I think everyone gets a chance at least once in their lives. It also depends on who want that change. Surely, Allah listens and knows what’s in our hearts. One of my favorite parts was when Salar was in a â€Å"fishy† area and hears the name Imamah and the way Umera described his reaction was just superb and fabulous. Great characterization shown by Umera Ahmed in this book. Your heart totally went out for Salar even when you knew he wasn’t a good guy – what a great way to craft a character in the book. It is really a masterpiece of Umera Ahmed and no doubt the book has a magic spell .Although it is totally a fiction novel but after reading this you will just think that may be Salar Sikandar exists or Imamah exists in this World. The concepts , the characters , the dialogues every single thing in book was amazing. Personally the character of Salar Sikandar left me totally mesmerized. I loved the transition of his characters the way he changed is quite interesting. Overall this book is a Masterpiece from the Author. I will surely recommend this book to all people. It is such a type of book which have everything In it and once reading it no once can be restricted from appraising the work of author. A surely recommended book to everyone. I highly recommend this book to everyone because it has got to be one of the most amazing novels ever. It is definitely worth reading. â€Å"â€â€"In life, at sometime or another we come to a point where all relationships cease—where there is only us and Allah. There are no parents, brother or sister, or any friend. Then we realise that there is no earth under us nor is there sky above, but only Allah who is supporting us in this emptiness. Then we realise our worth – it is not more than a grain of sand or the leaf of a plant. Then we realise our existence is only confined to our being. Our demise makes not a whit of difference to the world around us, nor to the scheme of things.† ― Umera Ahmed, Peer-e-Kamil

Zebra Paradise

Zebra Paradise Think of your favorite place to be in your house. Where and why is it your favorite? The place I like to spend the most time in is my bedroom. It is where I go to study, watch television, and sleep. It is my favorite room because of the cozy atmosphere that I feel every time I step foot through the door. Not only is it a place to relax, but it is so much more. My room is a part of my personality, but most importantly, the place I grew up. In this descriptive essay, I will describe the basic things in my room, such as the color of my walls, bed, nightstand, dresser, and fan.I will depict the details of my closet and a few items that occupy the inside of it and tell about my television, my window, and everything surrounding them. When someone first steps foot into my room, he/she is usually captured by my bright colored walls. They are as pink as cotton candy, while only one wall is a shade darker than the other three. The door of my room is super white with a grey doork nob, which my sister claims to have â€Å"accidentally† broken the lock to. My queen size bed is located about four feet from my door, and it takes up most of the area.The frame is made out of black metal. My comforter accents my bed with black, white, and hot pink stripes. Two of my favorite animal prints are patterns that resemble a zebra and a leopard, which happens to be the design of my bedspread. I have silky, black sheets and a total of six pillows. They are soft and fluffy and never fail to provide me with a good night’s sleep. Right beside my bed, there is a black nightstand with a few of my belongings sitting on top of it, such as my pink alarm clock, a clear lamp, and my black remote.A white fan hangs from my ceiling that adds a very clean and sophisticated look to my room. My garbage can sits beside the door to the left, patiently waiting to collect trash. It is small, black, and filled with countless water bottles. Near my garbage can is my silver dresser where I keep my never-ending collection of shorts and T-shirts. The top of my dresser is cluttered with certain nicknacks that I use throughout the day, such as my wallet, perfume, fingernail polish, a jewelry box, picture frames, and sunglasses.I have three separate outlets scattered throughout my room. There is one beside my dresser, under my window, and behind my bed, which are all cream colored. The wooden floor right beneath my dresser is where I keep my preferred shoes. Paired side by side are my Sperries, neon yellow Nike’s, pink Shox, and my white cheerleading shoes. The focal point on the next wall is a double white closet. My Vera Bradley lanyard hangs from one knob, and on the other knob is a rosary. A red medal that I recently won for placing second at a powerlifting meet hangs next to it.Directly in front of my closet lies a stylish zebra rug which compliments my bedspread. My closet is not walk-in, so if someone were to open it, he/she would notice my winter clo thes and school uniforms organized at the top. My casual and dressy clothing hang on the bottom rack. On the floor beneath my clothes is where my shoes are kept. I attempt to stand them upward on a shoe rack, but most of them do not fit. I own boots, heels, wedges, sandals, tennis shoes, slippers, and flip-flops.The other half of my closet is crowded with jackets, swimwear, photo albums, blankets, and other useless junk that I continue to hoard for no reason. In the corner of another wall sits a black 32† Samsung television, housed on top of a wooden rolling cart that belonged to my grandfather. In the inside compartment of the rolling cart is a pack of index cards, an extra iPhone charger, and an iHome speaker. Behind my television is an enormous sketch pad and a poster that I drew for cheerleading camp during the summer of 2012.It reads, â€Å"Geaux Mustangs† with a red and black megaphone. My window is located on the same wall as my television. It is a single window with white blinds and a valence that identically matches my bedspread. If someone were to peer out of my window, he/she would immediately notice my dad’s gigantic offshore fishing boat. It is easy to hear rain falling at night or birds chirping in the morning because of the window. One would also view two conjoined cages outside where my sister and I keep our pet rabbits.I hope it is now possible to vividly visualize every inch of my room. The nickname of it is â€Å"zebra paradise† because I am obsessed with that type of animal print. Nearly all of my belongings are black and pink with zebra print. It does not matter what my room looks like because the memories that were captured inside of it will last a lifetime. My room is special to me because it is my own personal escape, or paradise. It is very important for everyone to have a place they feel comfortable and safe in. I would not trade in my room for the world. Zebra Paradise Zebra Paradise Think of your favorite place to be in your house. Where and why is it your favorite? The place I like to spend the most time in is my bedroom. It is where I go to study, watch television, and sleep. It is my favorite room because of the cozy atmosphere that I feel every time I step foot through the door. Not only is it a place to relax, but it is so much more. My room is a part of my personality, but most importantly, the place I grew up. In this descriptive essay, I will describe the basic things in my room, such as the color of my walls, bed, nightstand, dresser, and fan.I will depict the details of my closet and a few items that occupy the inside of it and tell about my television, my window, and everything surrounding them. When someone first steps foot into my room, he/she is usually captured by my bright colored walls. They are as pink as cotton candy, while only one wall is a shade darker than the other three. The door of my room is super white with a grey doork nob, which my sister claims to have â€Å"accidentally† broken the lock to. My queen size bed is located about four feet from my door, and it takes up most of the area.The frame is made out of black metal. My comforter accents my bed with black, white, and hot pink stripes. Two of my favorite animal prints are patterns that resemble a zebra and a leopard, which happens to be the design of my bedspread. I have silky, black sheets and a total of six pillows. They are soft and fluffy and never fail to provide me with a good night’s sleep. Right beside my bed, there is a black nightstand with a few of my belongings sitting on top of it, such as my pink alarm clock, a clear lamp, and my black remote.A white fan hangs from my ceiling that adds a very clean and sophisticated look to my room. My garbage can sits beside the door to the left, patiently waiting to collect trash. It is small, black, and filled with countless water bottles. Near my garbage can is my silver dresser where I keep my never-ending collection of shorts and T-shirts. The top of my dresser is cluttered with certain nicknacks that I use throughout the day, such as my wallet, perfume, fingernail polish, a jewelry box, picture frames, and sunglasses.I have three separate outlets scattered throughout my room. There is one beside my dresser, under my window, and behind my bed, which are all cream colored. The wooden floor right beneath my dresser is where I keep my preferred shoes. Paired side by side are my Sperries, neon yellow Nike’s, pink Shox, and my white cheerleading shoes. The focal point on the next wall is a double white closet. My Vera Bradley lanyard hangs from one knob, and on the other knob is a rosary. A red medal that I recently won for placing second at a powerlifting meet hangs next to it.Directly in front of my closet lies a stylish zebra rug which compliments my bedspread. My closet is not walk-in, so if someone were to open it, he/she would notice my winter clo thes and school uniforms organized at the top. My casual and dressy clothing hang on the bottom rack. On the floor beneath my clothes is where my shoes are kept. I attempt to stand them upward on a shoe rack, but most of them do not fit. I own boots, heels, wedges, sandals, tennis shoes, slippers, and flip-flops.The other half of my closet is crowded with jackets, swimwear, photo albums, blankets, and other useless junk that I continue to hoard for no reason. In the corner of another wall sits a black 32† Samsung television, housed on top of a wooden rolling cart that belonged to my grandfather. In the inside compartment of the rolling cart is a pack of index cards, an extra iPhone charger, and an iHome speaker. Behind my television is an enormous sketch pad and a poster that I drew for cheerleading camp during the summer of 2012.It reads, â€Å"Geaux Mustangs† with a red and black megaphone. My window is located on the same wall as my television. It is a single window with white blinds and a valence that identically matches my bedspread. If someone were to peer out of my window, he/she would immediately notice my dad’s gigantic offshore fishing boat. It is easy to hear rain falling at night or birds chirping in the morning because of the window. One would also view two conjoined cages outside where my sister and I keep our pet rabbits.I hope it is now possible to vividly visualize every inch of my room. The nickname of it is â€Å"zebra paradise† because I am obsessed with that type of animal print. Nearly all of my belongings are black and pink with zebra print. It does not matter what my room looks like because the memories that were captured inside of it will last a lifetime. My room is special to me because it is my own personal escape, or paradise. It is very important for everyone to have a place they feel comfortable and safe in. I would not trade in my room for the world.

Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 †Tort Essay

Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 – Tort Essay Free Online Research Papers Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 Tort Essay Question: In its decision in Barber v Somerset City Council [(2004) UKHL 13], the House of Lords failed to take adequate account of the realities of modern work and of the changes in the typical work place over the last 30 years. Discuss making reference to both majority and minority judgment. In Barber v. Somerset County Council , the general principle applied is that a reasonable and prudent employer should take positive thoughts for the safety of its workers in the light of what it knew or ought to have known. Some would think that this decision has set a very demanding standard of care for employers. This essay shall seek to examine the decision in light of the modern working conditions as it is said that the House of Lords failed to take adequate account of the realities of modern work and of the changes over the last 30 years. The decision of House of Lords to apply Stokes v Guest, Kean and Nettlefold Ltd which is a 30 years old case does not mean that they did not progress and disregard realities. By requiring a higher standard by the senior management team of Eastbridge Water Community School, it will give alert to other employers to be more aware of employee’s workload and their ability to cope with stress. It actually recognises that stress has been a major issue in working places these days. This will provide a better working condition for employees. In Walker v Northumberland County Council it was held that Where it was reasonably foreseeable to an employer that an employee might suffer a nervous breakdown because of the stress and pressures of his workload, the employer was under a duty of care, as part of the duty to provide a safe system of work, not to cause the employee psychiatric damage by reason of the volume or character of the work which the employee was required to perform. Applyi ng this to Barber v Somerset City Council, it is quite foreseeable that Mr. Barber will break down one day after his continuous sick leave indicating that he’s suffering from stress and depression. If an employer fails to take any action to help out an employee after receiving indication that he/she might be overworked, the employer cannot be categorised as a good employer. This attitude should not be encouraged. Barber gives the other employers a warning to make sure that they are well informed of their employee’s ability to cope with immense stress. The duty of care of an employer to an employee is such that the duty of care owed by an employer not to expose an employee to unnecessary risk of injury includes both physical and psychiatric damage. Therefore, as long as it can be established that Mr. Barber’s workload results in his mental injury, the employer i.e. City Council can be held liable for breaching this duty of care. It can be argued that the situation was simple and direct. It was obvious that the employer was in breach of duty of care thus liable in tort. The working situation was not efficiently planned resulting in certain employees enduring more pressure than others. It is crucial that this decision will provide an alert and a guideline to employers. As our society progress, work has become more competitive. With such high living cost, it is crucial for everyone to earn as much as possible. They tend to ignore their health especially mental health. Employers should be aware of such situation thus not exert ing more pressure on their workers. In Barber, the issue whether it is an employer’s duty to provide assistant to an overworked employee and how can the period of assistance provided be determined was discussed. However, the period was not determined, but according to the judge, assistant should be provided until the employee is fit to cope with his work again. This at least gives employers a possible choice when they face with such situation. Nonetheless, although it seems morally right to require employers to provide for employees, this might be too heavy a burden for employers. As the labour market becomes more competitive, it is more likely that individual workers would want to assume more responsibility. Some would argue that it is not fair for an employer to determine how much responsibilities can an employee hold. According to Lord Rodger of Earlsferry in Barber, in cases where an employee is liable to develop some illness if he carries out the job which he is employed to do, the employer owes him a duty of care to continue to employ him to perform that job. Devlin LJ in Withers v Perry Chain Co Ltd was quoted by Lord Rodger, ‘the employee is free to decide for herself what risks she will run. I agree with Sellers LJ that if the common law were to be otherwise it would be oppressive to the employee, by limiting his ability to find work, rather than beneficial to him.’ Therefore, in this modern world, e mployers should not be subject to any limitation as to what should they do to prevent their employers from suffering mental illness as a result of stress from work. The court should recognise that they do have their own responsibilities as well therefore should not force them to provide too much for the workers. Hale LJ was quoted by Lord Scott in paragraph 6 of his judgement in Barber: ‘unless he knows of some particular problem or vulnerability, an employer is usually entitiled to assume that his employee is up to the normal pressures of the job†¦. An employee who returns to work after a period of sickness without making further disclosure or explanation to his employer is usually implying that he believes himself fit to return to work which was doing before.’ It is of common sense that an employer will not know if he was not informed. Judging from the heavy workload of everyone including the employer himself, it would be very unfair to require him/her to still take positive action to examine into every suspicious situation. Moreover, in this case, Mr. Barber has problem communicating the problem he faced even to his general practitioner. The atmosphere in offices is no longer like the olden days where workers have time to take a rest for tea and have short chats now and then. It is usually so busy that they would not even talk to each other while they were in offices. The test set out by Hale LJ was accepted by the Lordships. In this test, it is said that the indications of impending harm to health arising from stress at work must be plain enough for any reasonable employer to realise and take action. Therefore it is unrealistic to set too high a standard of care for the employers. It should be noted that the Lordships basically agree with Hale LJ approach in assessing how liable the City Council are as the employer of Mr. Barber. However, it is the facts of the case assumed by the majority and minority which differs. The majority assumed that Mr. Barber’s meeting with all the 3 members of the senior management team(SMT) has been effective in giving them the message that he was under such immense pressure that he could not bear it anymore. The dissenting judgements felt that his action was not obvious enough. The real world is complicated. It can be said that the SMT has been really careless to not notice; but everyone in the school was under the same pressure. There is possibility that the House of Lord wanted Barber to serve as a reminder to all the other employers. It would be quite inaccurate to accuse them that they failed to take adequate account of the realities and to adapt to the change in working place. It is because they were aware that they s ought to provide more protection for the working class. While they appear to be quite conservative, it shows that they actually took into account the growing pressure suffered by the working class. Research Papers on Barber v Somerset City Council 2004 - Tort EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesTwilight of the UAWHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationResearch Process Part OneArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office System